Nephrology

Acute Kidney Injury

AKI (ARF) Etiology Prerenal azotemia Hypotension Sepsis Anaphylaxis Bleeding Dehydration Hypovolemia Diuretics Burns Pancreatitis CHF ↓Albumin Cirrhosis NSAIDs ACEi Renal artery stenosis Postrenal azotemia BPH Nephrolithiasis Cervical cancer Neurogenic bladder Retroperitoneal fibrosis Bleomycin Methylsergide → Migraine/Cluster Radiation Intrinsic renal disease ATN Toxins NSAIDs Aminoglycoside Amphotericin Cisplatin Cyclophosphamide Prolonged ischemia...

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Diagnostic Tests in Nephrology

Best initial test → Urinalysis (UA) + BUN + Cr Cast RBC → Glomerulonephritis WBC → Pyelonephritis Eosinophil → Acute interstitial nephritis Hyalin → Dehydration (Tomm-Horsfall accumulation) Borad/Waxy → CRF Granular (Muddy-brown) → ATN (dead tubular cells) Protein UA Dipstick → Only detects albumin 0 = <300mg → Normal (microalbuminuria) Microalbuminuria 30-300 mg/24h Important in diabetics Treatment → ACEi/ARB...

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Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Syndrome)

General Rules Etiology → Not from toxins/drugs Presentation Proteinuria <1.5 g/d Hematuria Oliguria Uremia Edema Hypertension Chronic All can progress to → Nephrotic syndrome Diagnosis Most accurate → Biopsy UA Hematuria RBC cast Dysmorphic RBC Proteinuria ↓Na ↓Na fractional excretion Treatment Steroids Cyclophosphamide Mycophenolate Goodpasture Syndrome Etiology Antibody to Collagen IV...

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