Neurosurgery

Intervertebral Disk Herniation

Herniated Disk Disease Etiology Elderly Lifting injury Nerve root compression Most common site L4-L5 L5-S1 Presentation Electric pain following a dermatome distribution Diagnosis Best initial → Straight leg raising Most accurate → MRI Treatment Best next step → NSAID Activity modification Surgery?

Spinal Stenosis

Spinal Stenosis Etiology Arthritic changes → Spinal canal narrowing → Nerve root compression L1 C2 Presentation Neck/Back pain Bilateral leg/buttock pain Bilateral leg/buttock numbness Pseudoclaudication Symptoms worsen with walking Symptoms improve with spinal flexion Differentiates from vascular claudication Diagnosis MRI Treatment NSAID Surgery

Brain Tumors